The use of POTTER (Predictive Optimal Trees in Emergency Surgery Risk) calculator to predict mortality and complications in patients submitted to Emergency Surgery.

INTRODUCTION: the ability of the care team to reliably predict postoperative risk is essential for improvements in surgical decision-making, patient and family counseling, and resource allocation in hospitals. The Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered POTTER (Predictive Optimal Trees in Emergency Surgery Risk) calculator represents a user-friendly interface and has since been downloaded in its iPhone and Android format by thousands of surgeons worldwide. It was originally developed to be used in non-traumatic emergency surgery patients. However, Potter has not been validated outside the US yet. In this study, we aimed to validate the POTTER calculator in a Brazilian academic hospital. METHODS: mortality and morbidity were analyzed using the POTTER calculator in both trauma and non-trauma emergency surgery patients submitted to surgical treatment between November 2020 and July 2021. A total of 194 patients were prospectively included in this analysis. RESULTS: regarding the presence of comorbidities, about 20% of the population were diabetics and 30% were smokers. A total of 47.4% of the patients had hypertensive prednisone. After the analysis of the results, we identified an adequate capability to predict 30-day mortality and morbidity for this group of patients. CONCLUSION: the POTTER calculator presented excellent performance in predicting both morbidity and mortality in the studied population, representing an important tool for surgical teams to define risks, benefits, and outcomes for the emergency surgery population.

The use of POTTER (Predictive Optimal Trees in Emergency Surgery Risk) calculator to predict mortality and complications in patients submitted to Emergency Surgery / O uso do aplicativo POTTER (Predictive Optimal Trees in Emergency Surgery Risk) para prever mortalidade e complicações em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de emergência

ABSTRACT Introduction: the ability of the care team to reliably predict postoperative risk is essential for improvements in surgical decision-making, patient and family counseling, and resource allocation in hospitals. The Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered POTTER (Predictive Optimal Trees in Emergency Surgery Risk) calculator represents a user-friendly interface and has since been downloaded in its iPhone and Android format by thousands of surgeons worldwide. It was originally developed to be used in non-traumatic emergency surgery patients. However, Potter has not been validated outside the US yet. In this study, we aimed to validate the POTTER calculator in a Brazilian academic hospital. Methods: mortality and morbidity were analyzed using the POTTER calculator in both trauma and non-trauma emergency surgery patients submitted to surgical treatment between November 2020 and July 2021. A total of 194 patients were prospectively included in this analysis. Results: regarding the presence of comorbidities, about 20% of the population were diabetics and 30% were smokers. A total of 47.4% of the patients had hypertensive prednisone. After the analysis of the results, we identified an adequate capability to predict 30-day mortality and morbidity for this group of patients. Conclusion: the POTTER calculator presented excellent performance in predicting both morbidity and mortality in the studied population, representing an important tool for surgical teams to define risks, benefits, and outcomes for the emergency surgery population.

RESUMO Introdução: a capacidade da equipe de atendimento de prever de forma confiável o risco pós-operatório é essencial para melhorar a tomada de decisões cirúrgicas, o aconselhamento ao paciente e à família e a alocação de recursos nos hospitais. A calculadora POTTER (Predictive Optimal Trees in Emergency Surgery Risk), alimentada por inteligência artificial (IA) e com uma interface amigável, foi baixada em seu formato para iPhone e Android por milhares de cirurgiões em todo o mundo e foi originalmente desenvolvida para ser usada em pacientes de cirurgia de emergência não traumática. No entanto, a POTTER ainda não foi validada fora dos EUA. Neste estudo, nosso objetivo foi validar a calculadora POTTER em um hospital acadêmico brasileiro. Métodos: a mortalidade e a morbidade foram analisadas usando a calculadora POTTER em pacientes de cirurgia de emergência com e sem trauma submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico entre novembro de 2020 e julho de 2021. Um total de 194 pacientes foi incluído prospectivamente nessa análise. Resultados: Em relação à presença de comorbidades, cerca de 20% da população era diabética e 30%, fumante. Um total de 47,4% dos pacientes eram hipertensos antes da admissão. Após a análise dos resultados, identificamos uma capacidade adequada de prever a mortalidade e a morbidade em 30 dias para esse grupo de pacientes. Conclusão: a calculadora POTTER apresentou um excelente desempenho para prever a morbidade e a mortalidade na população estudada, representando uma ferramenta importante para as equipes cirúrgicas definirem riscos, benefícios e resultados para a população de cirurgia de emergência.

Choleperitoneum secondary to isolated subserosal gallbladder injury due to blunt abdominal trauma - A case report.

When dealing with rare traumatic injuries, surgeons might have difficulty diagnosing them and choosing the most appropriate management when no consensus exist on the best course of action. In such circumstances, drawing on the experience of colleagues can be of great value. Traumatic injuries of the gallbladder are unusual and might not be readily identifiable neither in imaging studies nor during surgery. Retrograde cholangiography plays an important role in correctly diagnosing these injuries and guiding decision-making. We report a case of a subserosal perforation due to blunt trauma to the abdomen, which was identified intraoperatively after a transcystic retrograde cholangiogram was performed and managed successfully with formal cholecystectomy.

GASTROINTESTINAL COMPLICATIONS OF CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19).

BACKGROUND: It is currently understood that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) directly enters target cells by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Accordingly, tissues with high expression levels of ACE2 are more susceptible to infection, including pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells, small intestine enterocytes, cholangiocytes, and vascular endothelial cells. Considering the atypical manifestations of COVID-19 and the challenges of early diagnosis, this review addresses the possible gastrointestinal complications of the disease. METHOD: The phrase "Gastrointestinal complication of COVID" was searched in the PubMed, Medline, and SciELO databases. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies included in the present review, a narrative synthesis of the available qualitative data was performed. RESULT: The literature search retrieved 28 articles, primarily case reports and case series, for the qualitative analysis of gastrointestinal complications of COVID-19, in addition to two retrospective cohort and one case-control. The studies focused on hemorrhagic, thrombotic, ischemic, and perforation complications, in addition to acute pancreatitis and pneumatosis intestinalis. CONCLUSION: There is a straight relationship between high expression levels of ACE2 in the gastrointestinal tract and its greater susceptibility to direct infection by SARS-CoV-2. So, it is important to consider the gastrointestinal infection manifestations for early diagnosis and treatment trying to avoid more serious complications and death.

The role of direct peritoneal resuscitation in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock after trauma and in emergency acute care surgery: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: Direct peritoneal resuscitation (DPR) has been used to help preserve microcirculation by reversing vasoconstriction and hypoperfusion associated with the pathophysiological process of shock, which can occur despite appropriate intravenous resuscitation. This approach depends on infusing a hyperosmolar solution intraperitoneally via a percutaneous catheter with the tip ending near the pelvis or the root of the mesentery. The abdomen is usually left open with a negative pressure abdominal dressing to continuously evacuate the infused dialysate. Hypertonicity of the solution triggers visceral vasodilation to help maintain blood flow, even during shock, and is also associated with reduced local inflammatory cytokines and other mediators, preservation of endothelial cell function, and mitigation of organ edema and necrosis. It also has a direct effect on liver perfusion and edema, more rapidly corrects electrolyte abnormalities compared to intravenous resuscitation alone, and may requireless intravenous fluid to stabilize blood pressure, all of which shortens the time required to close patients' abdomen. METHODS: An online query using the search term "direct peritoneal resuscitation" was carried out in PubMed, MEDLINE and SciELO, limited to publications indexed from January 2014 to June 2020. Of the 20 articles returned, full text was able to be obtained for 19. A manual review of included articles' references was resulted in the addition of 1 article, for a total of 20 included articles. RESULTS: The 20 articles were comprised of 15 animal studies, 4 clinical studies,and 1 expert opinion. The benefits include both local and possibly systemic effects on perfusion, hypoxia, acidosis, and inflammation, and are associated with improved outcomes and reduced complications. CONCLUSION: DPR shows promise in patients with hemorrhagic shock, septic shock, and other conditions resulting in an open abdomen after damage control laparotomy.

THE ROLE OF FISTULOCLYSIS IN THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH ENTEROATMOSPHERIC FISTULAS.

BACKGROUND: Enterocutaneous fistulas represent a connection between the gastrointestinal tract and adjacent tissues. Among them, there is a subdivision - the enteroatmospheric fistulas, in which the origin is the gastrointestinal tract in connection with the external environment through an open wound in the abdomen. Due to the high output in enterocutaneous fistulas, the loss of fluids, electrolytes, minerals and proteins leads to complications such as sepsis, malnutrition and electrolyte derangements. The parenteral nutrition has its secondary risks, and the fistuloclysis, that consist in the infusion of enteral feeding and also the chyme through the distal fistula, represents an alternative to the management of these patients until the definitive surgical approach. AIM: To evaluate the current evidence on the fistuloclysis technique, its applicability, advantages and disadvantages for patients with high output fistulas. METHOD: A systematic literature search was conducted in May 2020 with the headings "fistuloclysis", "chyme reinfusion" and "succus entericus reinfusion", in the PubMed, Medline and SciELO databases. Results: There were 29 articles selected for the development of this narrative synthesis, from 2003 to 2020, including reviews and case reports. CONCLUSION: Fistuloclysis is a safe method which optimizes the clinical, nutritional, and immunological conditions of patients with enteroatmospheric fistulas, increasing the chances of success of the reconstructive procedure. In cases where the definitive repair is not possible, chances of reducing or even stopping the use of nutrition through the parental route are increased, thus representing a promising modality for the management of most challenging cases.

Impact of COVID-19 on the number of transplants performed in Brazil during the pandemic. Current situation.

The intense use of resources to combat COVID-19 causes concern in the entire transplant community because, in addition to physical limitations such as ICU beds, lack of homogeneous treatment protocols and uncertainties about the effects of immunosuppression on viral progression have significant impact on transplant surgeries. The aim of the present study is to comparatively assess the number of solid organ transplants performed in 2019 and 2020, as well as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on organ donation and transplant surgeries in Brazil. The last 10 years have shown increasing trend in the number of solid organ transplants, which have significantly decreased in 2020. Lung transplantations were mostly affected by the pandemic; these surgeries have been carried out only in Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo states. Liver transplantations were the least affected ones, since the number of surgeries have only decreased by 10.8% in the first three quarters of 2020, in comparison to 2019. The number of active patients on the waiting list for heart and kidney transplantation has increased in 2020. Therefore, it is necessary developing strategies to keep the structure necessary for organ transplantation processes active and, consequently, to reduce the impacts of the pandemic on these patients.

Standardization of experimental model regarding star fruit intoxication in Wistar rats suffering with nephropathy.

PURPOSE: To present a model to reproduce the clinical condition, in order to better understand the pathophysiology of neurological impairment related to intoxication. METHODS: Twenty-five Wistar rats were used and divided into five groups: Shaw group (WHI), water gavage group (WGV), star fruit gavage group (SGV), nephropathic group with water gavage (NPW), nephropathic group with star fruit gavage (NPS).Nephropathic groups were submitted to surgery, developing nephropathy. After surgery, they received preestablished gavage with star fruit juice or water. The electroencephalographic records were evaluated in the experimental nephropathic group that received gavage of star fruit juice. RESULTS: To assess the induction of neurotoxicity using electroencephalographic data, the NPS group demonstrated the presence of epileptic seizures associated with star fruit intoxication. CONCLUSIONS: The experimental model herein presented was adequate to reproduce the clinical condition experienced by nephropathic patients who ingest star fruit juice, establishing, thus, an experimental model utterly important for the study of the neurological toxicity process.

Current state of trauma and violence in São Paulo - Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The coronavirus pandemic led society to adopt measures to contain its spread that generate impacts in the social, economic and psychological spheres, mainly due to social isolation. Some authors point out that social changes have generated changes in the various forms of trauma and violence. For this study, data collection for the years 2019 and 2020 was carried out on DATASUS - TABNET and on the website of the Secretariat of Public Security - SSP, considering various types of trauma and violence, with subsequent correlation analysis using the Kendall coefficient and correlation test. There was statistical significance, allowing a correlation with the negative pandemic for the rates of body injury due to traffic accidents, gunshot injuries, stab wounds, sexual violence, bodily injuries and interpersonal violence. As factors possibly associated with a reduction in the incidence of these variables, the literature presents some changes resulting from the pandemic, such as adherence to isolation, with a reduction in the flow of people on the street, and a decrease in reports of violence. The present study indicates that the findings may serve as a warning for future changes and for the adoption of preventive measures, however they represent the initial situation of the pandemic in São Paulo and, therefore, further investigations must be carried out with the course of the pandemic, which still remains.

Tourniquet use for civilian extremity hemorrhage: systematic review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: extremity tourniquet (TQ) use has increased in the civilian setting; the beneficial results observed in the military has influenced acceptance by EMS and bystanders. This review aimed to analyze extremity TQ types used in the civilian setting, injury site, indications, and complications. METHODS: a systematic review was conducted based on original articles published in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane following PRISMA guidelines from 2010 to 2019. Data extraction focused on extremity TQ use for hemorrhage control in the civilian setting, demographic data, study type and duration, mechanism of injury, indications for use, injury site, TQ type, TQ time, and complications. RESULTS: of the 1384 articles identified, 14 were selected for review with a total of 3912 civilian victims with extremity hemorrhage and 3522 extremity TQ placements analyzed. The majority of TQs were applied to male (79%) patients, with blunt or penetrating trauma. Among the indications for TQ use were hemorrhagic shock, suspicion of vascular injuries, continued bleeding, and partial or complete traumatic amputations. Upper extremity application was the most common TQ application site (56%), nearly all applied to a single extremity (99%), and only 0,6% required both upper and lower extremity applications. 80% of the applied TQs were commercial devices, and 20% improvised. CONCLUSIONS: TQ use in the civilian setting is associated with trauma-related injuries. Most are single-site TQs applied for the most part to male adults with upper extremity injury. Commercial TQs are more commonly employed, time in an urban setting is under 1 hour, with few complications described.

Gastrointestinal complications of coronavirus disease (covid-19) / Complicações gastrointestinais causadas pelo coronavírus (covid-19)

ABSTRACT Background: It is currently understood that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) directly enters target cells by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Accordingly, tissues with high expression levels of ACE2 are more susceptible to infection, including pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells, small intestine enterocytes, cholangiocytes, and vascular endothelial cells. Considering the atypical manifestations of COVID-19 and the challenges of early diagnosis, this review addresses the possible gastrointestinal complications of the disease. Method: The phrase "Gastrointestinal complication of COVID" was searched in the PubMed, Medline, and SciELO databases. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies included in the present review, a narrative synthesis of the available qualitative data was performed. Result: The literature search retrieved 28 articles, primarily case reports and case series, for the qualitative analysis of gastrointestinal complications of COVID-19, in addition to two retrospective cohort and one case-control. The studies focused on hemorrhagic, thrombotic, ischemic, and perforation complications, in addition to acute pancreatitis and pneumatosis intestinalis. Conclusion: There is a straight relationship between high expression levels of ACE2 in the gastrointestinal tract and its greater susceptibility to direct infection by SARS-CoV-2. So, it is important to consider the gastrointestinal infection manifestations for early diagnosis and treatment trying to avoid more serious complications and death.

RESUMO Racional: Atualmente, entende-se que o vírus SARS-CoV-2 é capaz de infectar diretamente células-alvo por acoplamento ao receptor da enzima conversora de angiotensina 2 (ECA 2), por isso tecidos que contêm altos níveis de ECA 2 estão mais suscetíveis a infecção, como as células epiteliais dos alvéolos pulmonares, os enterócitos do intestino delgado, os colangiócitos e o endotélio vascular. Objetivo: Levando em consideração as manifestações atípicas da COVID-19 e a dificuldade na suspeita diagnósticaprecoce, esta revisão busca apresentar aspossíveis complicações gastrointestinais da doença. Método: A busca foi realizada com o descritor"Gastrointestinal complication of COVID" nas bases de dados PubMed, Medline e SciELO e dada à natureza heterogênea dos textos adicionados a esta revisão, optou-se pela realização uma síntese qualitativa narrativa dos dados disponíveis.Foram selecionados 28 artigos para análise qualitativa sobre o tema, sendo principalmente relatos e séries de casos, além de duas coortes retrospectivas e um caso-controle.Os estudos tratavam de complicações hemorrágicas, trombóticas, isquêmicas, perfurativas, além de pancreatite aguda e pneumatose intestinal. Resultados: Diversos autores sugerem que o vírus tenha um papel direto no dano às células da mucosa gastrointestinal. Os estudos relatam casos de hemorragia gastrointestinal, assim como fenômenos trombóticos e isquêmicos, reforçando o papel do SARS-CoV-2 nos distúrbios de coagulação. Casos de perfuração intestinal e pancreatite também foram associados à COVID-19. Conclusão: Uma vez que a relação entre altos níveis de ECA 2 no trato gastrointestinal e a sua maior suscetibilidade a infecção direta pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2 esteja estabelecida, é importante estar atento para as diferentes manifestações e complicações gastrointestinais e serem elas diagnosticadas e tratadas precocemente.

The role of fistuloclysis in the treatment of patients with enteroatmospheric fistulas / O papel da fistuloclise no tratamento de pacientes com fístulas enteroatmosféricas

ABSTRACT Background: Enterocutaneous fistulas represent a connection between the gastrointestinal tract and adjacent tissues. Among them, there is a subdivision - the enteroatmospheric fistulas, in which the origin is the gastrointestinal tract in connection with the external environment through an open wound in the abdomen. Due to the high output in enterocutaneous fistulas, the loss of fluids, electrolytes, minerals and proteins leads to complications such as sepsis, malnutrition and electrolyte derangements. The parenteral nutrition has its secondary risks, and the fistuloclysis, that consist in the infusion of enteral feeding and also the chyme through the distal fistula, represents an alternative to the management of these patients until the definitive surgical approach. Aim: To evaluate the current evidence on the fistuloclysis technique, its applicability, advantages and disadvantages for patients with high output fistulas. Method: A systematic literature search was conducted in May 2020 with the headings "fistuloclysis", "chyme reinfusion" and "succus entericus reinfusion", in the PubMed, Medline and SciELO databases. Results: There were 29 articles selected for the development of this narrative synthesis, from 2003 to 2020, including reviews and case reports. Conclusion: Fistuloclysis is a safe method which optimizes the clinical, nutritional, and immunological conditions of patients with enteroatmospheric fistulas, increasing the chances of success of the reconstructive procedure. In cases where the definitive repair is not possible, chances of reducing or even stopping the use of nutrition through the parental route are increased, thus representing a promising modality for the management of most challenging cases.

RESUMO Racional: As fístulas enterocutâneas representam uma conexão entre o trato gastrointestinal e os tecidos adjacentes. Dentre elas, há uma subdivisão - as fístulas enteroatmosféricas, em que a origem é o trato gastrointestinal em conexão com o meio externo por meio de uma ferida aberta no abdômen. Devido ao alto débito nas fístulas enterocutâneas, a perda de fluidos, eletrólitos, minerais e proteínas levam a complicações como sepse, desnutrição e desequilíbrios eletrolíticos. A nutrição parenteral tem seus riscos secundários, e a fistuloclise, que consiste na infusão de nutrição enteral e também do quimo pela fístula distal, representa uma alternativa no manejo desses pacientes até a abordagem cirúrgica definitiva. Objetivo: Avaliar as evidências atuais sobre a técnica de fistuloclise, sua aplicabilidade, vantagens e desvantagens para pacientes com fístulas de alto débito. Método: Foi realizada uma busca sistemática da literatura em maio de 2020 com os títulos "fistuloclysis", "chyme reinfusion" e "succus entericus reinfusion", nas bases de dados PubMed, Medline e SciELO. Resultados: Foram selecionados 29 artigos para o desenvolvimento desta síntese narrativa, no período de 2003 a 2020, incluindo revisões e relatos de caso. Conclusão: A fistuloclise é um método seguro que otimiza as condições clínicas, nutricionais e imunológicas dos pacientes com fístulas enteroatmosféricas, aumentando as chances de sucesso do procedimento de reconstrução. Nos casos em que o reparo definitivo não é possível, aumentam as chances de reduzir ou mesmo interromper o uso da nutrição pela via parental, representando uma modalidade promissora para o manejo dos casos mais desafiadores.

Impact of COVID-19 on the number of transplants performed in Brazil during the pandemic. Current situation / Impacto do COVID-19 no número de transplantes no Brasil durante a pandemia. Situação atual

ABSTRACT The intense use of resources to combat COVID-19 causes concern in the entire transplant community because, in addition to physical limitations such as ICU beds, lack of homogeneous treatment protocols and uncertainties about the effects of immunosuppression on viral progression have significant impact on transplant surgeries. The aim of the present study is to comparatively assess the number of solid organ transplants performed in 2019 and 2020, as well as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on organ donation and transplant surgeries in Brazil. The last 10 years have shown increasing trend in the number of solid organ transplants, which have significantly decreased in 2020. Lung transplantations were mostly affected by the pandemic; these surgeries have been carried out only in Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo states. Liver transplantations were the least affected ones, since the number of surgeries have only decreased by 10.8% in the first three quarters of 2020, in comparison to 2019. The number of active patients on the waiting list for heart and kidney transplantation has increased in 2020. Therefore, it is necessary developing strategies to keep the structure necessary for organ transplantation processes active and, consequently, to reduce the impacts of the pandemic on these patients.

RESUMO A utilização intensa dos recursos para o combate da COVID-19 causa preocupação em toda comunidade de transplantes, pois além das limitações físicas, como leitos de UTI, a falta de protocolos homogêneos para tratamentos e as incertezas dos efeitos da imunossupressão na progressão do vírus, resultam em um impacto significativo nas cirurgias de transplantes. O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar comparativamente o número de transplantes de órgãos sólidos realizados nos anos de 2019 e 2020, e o impacto da pandemia na doação e transplantes de órgãos no Brasil. Considerando os últimos 10 anos, é possível observar uma tendência de aumento no número de transplantes de órgãos sólidos, com queda expressiva no ano de 2020. O transplante pulmonar foi o mais atingido pela pandemia, sendo realizado apenas nos estados do Rio Grande do Sul e São Paulo. O transplante hepático foi o menos afetado, apresentando uma diminuição de apenas 10,8% nos três primeiros trimestres de 2020, quando comparados com 2019. Sobre os pacientes ativos em lista de espera, houve um aumento em 2020 para transplante de coração e rim. Portanto, estratégias devem ser desenvolvidas para que a estrutura necessária ao processo de transplantes de órgãos se mantenha ativa, reduzindo assim os impactos da pandemia sobre estes pacientes.

Tourniquet use for civilian extremity hemorrhage: systematic review of the literature / Uso de torniquete nas hemorragias de extremidades na população civil: revisão sistemática da literatura

ABSTRACT Introduction: extremity tourniquet (TQ) use has increased in the civilian setting; the beneficial results observed in the military has influenced acceptance by EMS and bystanders. This review aimed to analyze extremity TQ types used in the civilian setting, injury site, indications, and complications. Methods: a systematic review was conducted based on original articles published in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane following PRISMA guidelines from 2010 to 2019. Data extraction focused on extremity TQ use for hemorrhage control in the civilian setting, demographic data, study type and duration, mechanism of injury, indications for use, injury site, TQ type, TQ time, and complications. Results: of the 1384 articles identified, 14 were selected for review with a total of 3912 civilian victims with extremity hemorrhage and 3522 extremity TQ placements analyzed. The majority of TQs were applied to male (79%) patients, with blunt or penetrating trauma. Among the indications for TQ use were hemorrhagic shock, suspicion of vascular injuries, continued bleeding, and partial or complete traumatic amputations. Upper extremity application was the most common TQ application site (56%), nearly all applied to a single extremity (99%), and only 0,6% required both upper and lower extremity applications. 80% of the applied TQs were commercial devices, and 20% improvised. Conclusions: TQ use in the civilian setting is associated with trauma-related injuries. Most are single-site TQs applied for the most part to male adults with upper extremity injury. Commercial TQs are more commonly employed, time in an urban setting is under 1 hour, with few complications described.

RESUMO Introdução: o uso de torniquete em extremidades (TQ) aumentou no ambiente civil; os resultados benéficos observados nas forças armadas influenciaram a aceitação por equipes de pré-hospitalar (PH) assim como pela população leiga. Esta revisão teve como objetivo analisar os tipos de TQ de extremidades usados em ambiente civil, local da lesão, indicações e complicações. Métodos: revisão sistemática foi conduzida com base em artigos originais publicados no PubMed, Embase e Cochrane seguindo as diretrizes do PRISMA de 2010 a 2019. Extração de dados focada no uso de TQ de extremidade para controle de hemorragia em ambiente civil, dados demográficos, tipo de estudo e duração, mecanismo de lesão, indicações de uso, local da lesão, tipo de TQ, tempo de TQ e complicações. Resultados: dos 1.384 artigos identificados, 14 foram selecionados para revisão com total de 3.912 vítimas civis com hemorragia nas extremidades e 3.522 colocações de extremidades TQ analisadas. A maioria foi aplicado em pacientes do sexo masculino (79%), com trauma contuso ou penetrante. Entre as indicações estavam choque hemorrágico, suspeita de lesões vasculares, sangramento contínuo e amputações traumáticas parciais ou completas. A aplicação na extremidade superior foi o local de aplicação mais comum (56%), quase todos aplicados a uma única extremidade (99%), e apenas 0,6% requereram aplicações nas extremidades superior e inferior. 80% dos TQs aplicados eram dispositivos comerciais e 20% improvisados. Conclusões: o uso de TQ em ambientes civis está associado a traumas. Os TQs comerciais são mais utilizados, com tempo menor que uma hora de uso e poucas complicações.

Current state of trauma and violence in São Paulo - Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic / Estado atual do trauma e violência em São Paulo - Brasil durante a pandemia de COVID-19

ABSTRACT The coronavirus pandemic led society to adopt measures to contain its spread that generate impacts in the social, economic and psychological spheres, mainly due to social isolation. Some authors point out that social changes have generated changes in the various forms of trauma and violence. For this study, data collection for the years 2019 and 2020 was carried out on DATASUS - TABNET and on the website of the Secretariat of Public Security - SSP, considering various types of trauma and violence, with subsequent correlation analysis using the Kendall coefficient and correlation test. There was statistical significance, allowing a correlation with the negative pandemic for the rates of body injury due to traffic accidents, gunshot injuries, stab wounds, sexual violence, bodily injuries and interpersonal violence. As factors possibly associated with a reduction in the incidence of these variables, the literature presents some changes resulting from the pandemic, such as adherence to isolation, with a reduction in the flow of people on the street, and a decrease in reports of violence. The present study indicates that the findings may serve as a warning for future changes and for the adoption of preventive measures, however they represent the initial situation of the pandemic in São Paulo and, therefore, further investigations must be carried out with the course of the pandemic, which still remains.

RESUMO A pandemia do coronavírus levou a sociedade a adotar medidas de contenção de sua disseminação que geram impactos em âmbito social, econômico e psicológico, principalmente pelo isolamento social. Alguns autores apontam que as mudanças sociais geraram mudanças sobre as variadas formas de trauma e violência. Para este estudo, foi realizada coleta de dados referente aos anos de 2019 e 2020 no DATASUS - TABNET e no site da Secretaria de Segurança Pública- SSP, considerando diversos tipos de trauma e violência, com posterior análise de correlação pelo teste de coeficiente e correlação de Kendall. Houve significância estatística, permitindo realizar correlação com a pandemia de caráter negativo para as taxas de lesão corporal por acidente de trânsito, ferimento por arma de fogo, ferimento por arma branca, violência sexual, lesão corporal e violência interpessoal. Como fatores possivelmente associados a redução na incidência destas variáveis, a literatura apresenta algumas mudanças provenientes da pandemia, como adesão ao isolamento, com redução do fluxo de pessoas na rua, e diminuição de denúncias de violência. O presente estudo indica que os achados podem servir de alerta para mudanças futuras e para adoção de medidas preventivas, porém representam o quadro inicial da pandemia em São Paulo e, portanto, mais investigações devem ser elaboradas com o decorrer da pandemia, que ainda se mantém.

Standardization of experimental model regarding star fruit intoxication in Wistar rats suffering with nephropathy

ABSTRACT Purpose To present a model to reproduce the clinical condition, in order to better understand the pathophysiology of neurological impairment related to intoxication. Methods Twenty-five Wistar rats were used and divided into five groups: Shaw group (WHI), water gavage group (WGV), star fruit gavage group (SGV), nephropathic group with water gavage (NPW), nephropathic group with star fruit gavage (NPS).Nephropathic groups were submitted to surgery, developing nephropathy. After surgery, they received preestablished gavage with star fruit juice or water. The electroencephalographic records were evaluated in the experimental nephropathic group that received gavage of star fruit juice. Results To assess the induction of neurotoxicity using electroencephalographic data, the NPS group demonstrated the presence of epileptic seizures associated with star fruit intoxication. Conclusions The experimental model herein presented was adequate to reproduce the clinical condition experienced by nephropathic patients who ingest star fruit juice, establishing, thus, an experimental model utterly important for the study of the neurological toxicity process.

During which period should we avoid cholecystectomy in patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the period during which we should avoid cholecystectomy after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of electronic medical charts of 532 patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, between March 2013 and December 2017. RESULTS: Approximately one-third of patients underwent the procedure between 4 and 30 days after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. The conversion rate was 3.8%. The need for abdominal drainage and the finding of biliary tract injury after surgery were observed in 15.1% and 1.9% of patients, respectively. The length of stay was significantly shorter among patients undergoing surgery more than 30 days after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. These patients had a median length of stay of one day, whereas the median length of stay in the group undergoing the procedure between 4 and 30 days after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was 2 days. CONCLUSION: The period during which we should avoid cholecystectomy is between 4 and 30 days after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

C-Fos expression in epileptogenic areas of nephropathic rats undergoing star fruit poisoning.

Purpose Studies have demonstrated that star fruit consumption by nephropathic patients triggers severe neurotoxic effects that can lead to convulsions or even death. Brain areas likely susceptible to star fruit poisoning have not been investigated. The objective of the present study was to map possible epileptogenic areas susceptible to star fruit intoxication in nephropathic rats. Methods The study analyzed 25 rats (5 groups). Rats in the experimental group underwent bilateral ureteral obstruction surgery and orogastric gavages with star fruit juice. An electroencephalogram was used to confirm convulsive seizures. Urea and creatinine levels were used to confirm the uremia model. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to map cells with c-Fos protein (c-Fos+ cells) to identify brain areas with increased neuronal activity. Control groups included non-nephropathic and nephropathic rats that did not receive star fruit. Results A statistically significant increase (p<0.01) in c-Fos+ cells was noted in nephropathic animals receiving star fruit juice compared to control groups, in brain areas commonly related to epileptogenic neural circuits including the hippocampus, amygdala, rhinal cortex, anterior cingulate area, piriform area, and medial dorsal thalamus. Conclusion These data corroborate the neurotoxic capacity of star fruit in nephropathic patients.

Quadratus Lumborum Block As A Single Anesthetic Method For Laparoscopic Totally Extraperitoneal (Tep) Inguinal Hernia Repair: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Minimally invasive surgery for inguinal hernia repair is advantageous in terms of return to usual activities and lower rates of chronic pain; however, it requires general anesthesia. This study sought to analyze the benefits of ultrasound guided locoregional anesthesia of the quadratus lumborum muscle (QL block) as a single anesthetic technique for endoscopic totally extraperitoneal (TEP) inguinal hernia repair with regard to postoperative pain, length of hospital stay, and hospital cost. A total of 46 patients, aged 18 to 80 years, with unilateral inguinal hernia, one group that received general anesthesia and one that received sedation and QL block for TEP inguinal hernia repair. In the 46 patients the median pain score 6 hours after surgery was significantly lower (2 versus 4) among the QL block group than among the group receiving general anesthesia. Consequently, the former group showed a briefer median hospital stay (6 versus 24 hours, respectively). The anesthesia and hospital costs were also lower for the QL block group, with median reductions of 64.15% and 25%, respectively. QL block is a safe and effective option for patients undergoing TEP inguinal hernia repair, given the observed reduction in early postoperative pain, briefer hospital stay, and decreased anesthesia and hospital costs.